Fundamental aspects of pulse plating.

Application of Pulse Plating - Amorphous Alloys

Amorphous alloys can be electrodeposited by direct or pulsed current. According to electrocrystallization theory, a high crystallization overpotential produces microcrystalline structure in the deposits. Thus if the amorphous phase consists of microcrystals, pulsed current is preferable for preparing amorphous alloys. However, another newly proposed theory holds that the amorphous phase structu...

Pulse and pulse reverse plating—Conceptual, advantages and applications

A review on pulse and pulse reverse techniques for electrodeposition have been attempted. Pulse electrodeposition (PED) of some metals and lloys are reported. The effects of mass, transport, electrical double layer pulse parameters and current distribution on surface roughness and orphology are presented. Applications, advantages and disadvantages of PC and PRC techniques are discussed along wi...

Fundamental Aspects of Gamete Cryobiology

Aspects of Fundamental Muon Physics

The muon is a second generation fundamental fermion which belongs together with the electron and tauon to the group of charged leptons. To our present knowledge it behaves as a point-like particle which is subject to electromagnetic, weak and gravitation interactions. It diiers from electron and tauon in its behaviour and properties solely through its mass which is called lepton universality. T...

Fundamental Aspects of Substorm Onset

We now know that substorm onset occurs within the near-Earth plasma sheet in the region associated with the Harang electric field reversal. It is also known that substorm onset is generally associated with a reduction in the large-scale convection driven by the solar wind, and that this reduction is imparted to the ionosphere a few minutes prior to substorm onset. This is the same time relative...